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William Byrd (c.1540 - 1623)
The Second Service and Consort Anthems
Label: Harmonia Mundi, HMU 907440
Year: 2007
Performers:
Stefan Roberts - treble
Rogers Covey-Crump - tenor
Ryan Leonard - organ
Fretwork
The Choir of Magdalen College, Oxford
Bill Ives - conductor
"This exquisite disc of music for choir, viols and organ does one of our great Tudor composers proud. The choir of Magdalen College, Oxford, has been doing some really wonderful work recently and it is its beautiful soft-grained sound that makes this CD so fascinating, taking us back to the all-too-few Magdalen recordings under the late Bernard Rose."
Daily Mail
"This disc is a benchmark - of interpretation, scholarship and programming. Both its interpretation and its dramatic re-contextualization of Byrd make even the utterly familiar (e.g. 'O Lord make thy servant Elizabeth') startlingly different. Re-contextualization is achieved by having viols replace the organ in liturgical music, and by programming domestic with church composition. That domestic and sacred music-making merged in Byrd's writing is in fact the guiding conviction of this recording. Characteristic of his genius was a facility for combining the beguilingly intimate with the grand. The use of soloists with choir in the verse anthems, the alteration of simple (homophonic) and complex (imitative) writing in the anthems, and the underpinning of soloist with rich counterpoint in psalm settings create a sense of vertigo. Traversing the terrain of the most personal, one suddenly stands on the brink of the monumental. For this reason, using a viol consort - normally the reserve of domestic music-making - to accompany the choir makes perfect sense. Placing domestic sacred song alongside liturgical music highlights how similar was Byrd's approach to both facets of his output. But it is above all the conviction of the performance - its flawless ensemble, radiant boy trebles and sensitivity to implied rhetoric - that carries the argument. Covey-Crump's creamy colour imbues solo passages with a secular feel, as does the confidence of Roberts' delivery. Fretwork has rarely played more passionately or with greater refinement. The conceits of imagination in Byrd's keyboard fantasias prove a wellspring for Leonard's readings. Meticulousness of engineering and research inform all aspects of this disc's production. Here is a recording whose ingenuity approaches that of the composer it celebrates"
BBC Music Magazine
In Magdalen College Choir’s second collaboration with Fretwork, Bill Ives explores the rich Anglican repertoire of William Byrd. Well-known and much admired anthems such as Prevent us, O Lord and O Lord make thy servant, Elizabeth are interspersed with chamber works for organ, viols, and solo tenor (performed by Rogers Covey-Crump). Highlights include new reconstructions by Dr David Skinner of the Second Service, and a near-lost verse anthem in praise of Oriana herself, Queen Elizabeth I.
This is a first-rate combination of performing forces and works, a pleasing mix of 17 instrumental and vocal pieces (some for solo voice and viols, others choral) that includes well-known anthems (O Lord make thy servant, Elizabeth; Prevent us, O Lord) and David Skinner's own edition of the rarely heard Second Service. In fact, performer/editor/Cambridge professor Skinner is responsible for the performing editions used here, notable for the inclusion of viols in many of the choral works. In his excellent liner notes Skinner makes a case for using these instruments in the church service and effectively reconstructs parts for viol consort from existing organ accompaniments, not only in the Second Service, but also in such anthems as Alack, when I look back and Thou God that guid'st.
Highlights include the gorgeous solo singing of both treble Stefan Roberts (what an unusually rich, full-bodied sound!) and tenor Rogers Covey-Crump, whose rendition of Blessed is he that fears the Lord fully exploits--in the best sense of the term--the expressive virtues of one of Byrd's most beautiful melodies. Organist Ryan Leonard proves his virtuoso mettle (and Byrd's!) in the wonderful Fantasia in A minor, and the choir and viol consort, as we might expect in this repertoire, are superb.
My only reservation concerns the sound and listener perspective: the already bright treble, not in itself a bad thing, tends to take on a harsh edge at times and dominates the balance; by contrast, detail in the internal choral parts and bass is often difficult to discern--perhaps just an artifact of cathedral acoustics, but one that weakens the full flavor of such passages as the juicy "Amen" at the close of O Lord, make thy servant Elizabeth. Nevertheless, Byrd enthusiasts should not hesitate to plunge in to what turns out to be one of the more uplifting, engagingly programmed, expertly performed 71 minutes of music I've heard in a long time.
--David Vernier, ClassicsToday.com
This CD begins with the full anthem Arise, O Lord (tr. 1) which has a first part of complaining then forlorn character, with all vocal parts transfixed in turn in imitation at ‘and forgettest our misery and trouble’, but you appreciate Magdalen College Choir’s incisive top line and well balanced lower voices. The second part, ‘Help us, O God’ (1:44) has the more satisfying contrast of chordal pleas, ‘Help us’, ‘O deliver us’, with freer contrapuntal writing evoking God’s glory and mercy, all smoothly and humbly presented here. This is a welcome first recording. More familiar full anthems follow. O Lord, make thy servant Elizabeth (tr. 11) is given formality yet also earnest progression by Bill Ives, quietening slightly at ‘but prevent her’ before a series of ardent entries of the different vocal parts for ‘and give her a long life’ (from 1:27), a cumulative expression of goodwill echoing round the chapel like a peal of bells before a pleasingly balanced and resonating Amen. The Tallis Scholars/Peter Phillips 1986 recording (Gimell CDGIM 208) is more euphonious but, with fewer voices, has less feel of a praying community and less edge. Prevent us, O Lord (tr. 17) contrasts smooth display of homophony, as at the outset, with density of counterpoint which for instance makes the echoing entries of ‘with thy continual help’ from 0:29 a significant mantra. Here Ives shows both dignity and expressively purposeful progression.
O God, that guides the cheerful sun (tr. 2) is a very different Byrd, an assured song and chorus of praise luxuriating in the regal shine of Fretwork’s consort of viols, one part of which is a descant above Stefan Roberts’ bright, well focussed solo. The second half of the stanza (0:55) is more rhythmically excited vocally, the chorus still more so as a host of trebles take up that descant line, but delivered here with a quiet confidence. The whole is topped with a downy, ethereal Amen, beautifully balanced. The countertenor Robin Blaze recorded this piece with Concordia in 2003 (Hyperion CDA 67397), the timing 5:59 against Roberts’ 5:40. Blaze has more smile in his voice and lighter projection. Roberts is smoother, with fuller tone while Fretwork show even more rhythmic bounce than Concordia. Permissibly, Blaze continues alone to sing his part in the chorus with one viol above and four below him but the use of vocal chorus, of which Magdalen Choir’s here is the first recording, is more striking.
Alack, when I look back (tr. 3) finds viols in more dignified mode as Rogers Covey-Crump’s voice of experience and feeling repentantly recalls ‘in youth I wanted grace’, but he has it now and the flowing tempo contributes. The choir repeats the last line of every stanza, at first briefly, then more elaborately for the prayer to the Good Lord (1:52) which concludes every section, in the gracious countertenor decoration of which you might just fancy echoes of a misspent youth. Parts for viols have been constructed by David Skinner from the organ score for this first recording, as is also the case with Thou God that guid’st (tr. 10), another first recording and similarly structured piece where Stefan Roberts is the soloist. There are subtle variations to all the choral repetitions here, a livelier third verse section (2:02) and the introduction of a second treble soloist, a freshly piping Nicholas Doig, before a balmy closing Amen.
Some tracks feature viols alone, the first being the second In nomine for 5 viols (tr. 4). This begins in gentle melancholy but a more hopeful leaping figure enters at 1:17 and the final motif from 1:47 looks forward positively. Fretwork’s performance has both a rich density and natural flow. With the fourth In nomine (tr. 8) comes gently distilled reflection of a happier cast because its opening and recurring descending motif is balanced by rising material in the top line which takes on more of a leaping character from 1:13 and even more dance like flurries of rising semiquavers from 2:17. The fifth In nomine (tr. 14) begins with mildly flowing descents, followed by ascents from 0:38, a motif headed by repeated notes from 1:09 and livelier rhythms altogether from 1:40 increasing to a festive, energetic closing climax in the top line. Fretwork’s 1989 recording (Virgin 5 45031 2) is sprightlier and defter, timing at 2:32 against 2:44, but the later account has a more inward quality to its opening and more internal contrast as it gets livelier. It’s fine ensemble playing: smooth, clear and of an easy disposition.
For Byrd the Second Service is a work of relative simplicity and terseness yet finely crafted. The Magnificat (tr. 5) begins in sober witness, the viols adding to this impression. But ‘He hath shewed strength with his arm’ (1:26) is livelier, pitting the trebles against the two countertenor, one tenor and one bass parts, steadily and swiftly rising to a climax. It needs tight ensemble to bring this off as vividly as here. Bill Ives also brings a swing to the similarly satisfyingly rising closing Gloria while the gentle flowering of the lower parts in the Amen typifies the work’s inner strength. Again parts for viols have been constructed from the organ score. The Nunc dimittis (tr. 7) is suitably quieter yet finds the full choir offering a comfortably sunny picture of ‘salvation’ and verse soloists a delicately pinpointed ‘light’ and ‘glory’ before Ives brings more zest to match the rhythmically freer Gloria with madrigalian touches.
From Byrd’s work for solo organ comes the Fantasia in D minor (tr. 6). Ryan Leonard makes clear the appearances of its opening boldly assertive motif. The second section (1:55) is like a formal dance with Leonard smoothly observing the ornamentation while not allowing it to obscure the line of the music. But the third section (2:50) is I feel introduced a little brusquely and as the rhythms grow faster grows over precipitous, though the closing cascades of semiquavers from 4:15 are exciting. I compared the 1991 recording by Davitt Moroney (Hyperion CDA 66551/7). He uses a more powerful organ in a more reverberant acoustic like that of Lincoln Cathedral where Byrd was organist. The effect is more imposing with more spaciousness, taking 5:14 against Leonard’s 4:51, beginning the third section with a striking change of mood, yet still able to make the close dazzle. Later from Leonard on this CD comes the Fantasia in A minor (tr. 12) which is of a more free flowing nature. Leonard gives it an improvisatory feel, for instance in his delicate semiquaver flurries at the end of the opening section. The second section (2:53) is suddenly more sprightly and urgent, the third (4:41) vaults forward still more, Leonard perhaps sacrificing a little clarity for spontaneity. The final section (5:50) turns into a closing sprint of running quavers then semiquavers. Leonard is more than equal to this virtuosity.
The consort song for voice and 4 viols, Blessed is he that fears the Lord (tr. 9) is a picture of peace and plenty presented by Covey-Crump and Fretwork as a clear and comely progress. Three of its five verses are sung, enough to indicate its cumulating comfort of focus on righteousness and its rewards. The one previous recording, by countertenor Russell Oberlin, In Nomine Players/Denis Stevens (Lyrichord LEMS 8014), originally issued in 1958, is only of the first verse and is in comparison too jerkily and forcefully projected. Covey-Crump’s high tenor is more crisply defined. In the same scoring is Lord in thy wrath (tr. 13). Covey-Crump fully catches Byrd’s engaging candour in its simplicity of confession and Fretwork provide an equally transparent instrumental texture whose rhythmic activity and gentle melodic echoes make the whole a positive experience, a plea for mercy with confidence that it will come. This is sometimes gained more from the music than the text. Only three of the five verses are performed here and the third verse has the most downbeat ending.
Why do I use my paper, ink and pen? (tr. 16) is a more elaborate consort song with Covey-Crump clearly displaying the low lying opening, higher tessitura refrain with livelier contributions from Fretwork and a tailpiece. There’s a judicious combination of clarity and sober consideration from the singer and rhythmic dexterity and melodic resonance from the viols. Three verses are sung, the orthodox generalized setting as printed in the Byrd Edition. In their 1996 recording I Fagiolini with Concordia (Chandos CHAN 0609) present the first verse then two different ones making graphic reference to the execution of Edmund Campion. The use of Elizabethan pronunciation gives their performance less clarity but adds to the greater emphasis on drama.
Have mercy upon me, O God (tr. 15) is a setting for soloist, chorus and consort of viols. Its opening is graced by the plangent tone of Stefan Roberts’ treble solo and the treble headed chorus which repeats every line of the soloist. The aching intensity increases as the solo part goes higher, for instance at ‘wipe away mine offences’ (1:46) which the chorus echoes at a more restrained lower pitch, but in the final chorus at ‘and purge me from my sins’ (3:20) they reinforce and climax at higher pitch. At a timing of 4:02 this is a more penitential and reflective account than that by Red Byrd and the Rose Consort (Naxos 8.550604) recorded in 1992 which takes 3:15.
The construction of parts for viol consort in some pieces, noted above, is controversial. There’s no evidence viols were used in liturgical performances, though Byrd did write for them in consort songs for the domestic environment; but given that O God that guides the cheerful sun and Have mercy upon me, O God are authentic works for soloist, viols and chorus, it’s understandable this CD extends this practice. What’s great about it is its range, wider than the title, the number of first recordings, quality of the performances and most of all the revelation that this is music of feeling.
Michael Greenhalgh
Tracklist:
01. Arise, O Lord (Help Us, O God)
02. O God, That Guides the Cheerful Sun
03. Alack, When I Looks Back
04. In Nomine A5 (II)
05. Magnificat
06. Fantasia In D Minor
07. Nunc Dimittis
08. In Nomine A5 (IV)
09. Blessed Is He That Fears the Lord
10. Thou God That Guid'st
11. O Lord, Make Thy Servant Elizabeth
12. Fantasia In A Minor
13. Lord In Thy Wrath
14. In Nomine A5 (V)
15. Have Mercy Upon Me, O God
16. Why Do I Use My Paper, Ink & Pen?
17. Prevent Us, O Lord
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